Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG), main composition is trans-1,4-polyisoprene, is a natural polymer extracted from Eucommia ulmoides plant tissue. Benefiting from the crystallization ability and rubber-plastic duality, it can be applied to a variety of fields, including aerospace, national defense, healthcare, transportation, sports, and construction. Herein, we summarized recent progress in EUG research concerning efficient extraction methods, crystallization characteristics and novel functional EUG materials focused on the relationship between its molecular structure, crystallization behavior, phase structure, and properties. Furthermore, the research and development directions of EUG for the development of its new materials have been outlined.